What is ROM? And its Kinds.!

ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It is type of internal memory. The data and instructions in ROM are stored by the manufacturer at the time of its manufacturing. This data and programs cannot be changed or deleted after wards. The data or instructions stored in ROM can only be read but new data or instructions cannot be written into it. This is the reason why it is called Read Only Memory.

ROM stores data and instructions permanently. When the power is turned off, the instructions stored in ROM are not lost. That is the reason ROM is called non-volatile memory.

ROM is used to store frequently used instructions and data to control the basic input & output operations of the computer. Mostly, frequently used small programs like operating system routines and data, are stored into the ROM. When the computer is switched on, instructions in the ROM are automatically activated. These instructions help the booting process of computer.

Pmod SPmod Serial Flash ROM 16 Mbit e

rial Flash ROM 16 Mbit 

Types of ROM
ROM is divided into following types:

1. PROM
2. EPROM
3. EEPROM

1- PROM
    PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. This form of ROM is initially blank. The user or manufacturer can write data/program on it by using special devices. However, once the program or data is written in PROM chip, it cannot be changed. If there is an error in writing instructions or data in PROM, the error cannot be erased. PROM chip becomes unusable.

2- EPROM
    EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. This form of ROM is also initially blank. The user or manufacturer can write program or data on it by using special devices. Unlike PROM, the data written in EPROM chip can be erased by using special devices and ultraviolet rays. So program or data written in EPROM chip can be changed and new data can also be added. When EPROM is in use, its contents can only be read.

3- EEPROM
    EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. This kind of ROM can be written or changed with the help of electrical devices. So data stored in this type of ROM chip can be easily modified.

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What is RAM and its types ?

Definition and Types of RAM

Definition of RAM

Def NO.1

RAM (pronounced ramm) is an acronym for random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such asprinters.

Def NO.2   I am sure this is best definition

Understanding RAM - RAM (Random Access Memory) is a computer hardware responsible for storing data. RAM is temporary means that stored data can be erased. Unlike the case with the ROM, ROM has duties similar to RAM but the ROM is permanent in the sense that the stored data we can not remove. RAM is a type of memory whose contents can change-change for computers that have the nature of life and can remember data or programs on condition that the electric current and can store and retrieve data very quickly.

Types of RAM

There are two different types of RAM:

• DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
• SRAM (Static Random Access Memory).

The two types of RAM differ in the technology they use to hold data, with DRAM being the more common type. In terms of speed, SRAM is faster. DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second while SRAM does not need to be refreshed, which is what makes it faster than DRAM.

DRAM supports access times of about 60 nanoseconds, SRAM can give access times as low as 10 nanoseconds. Despite SRAM being faster, it's not as commonly used as DRAM because it's so much more expensive. Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off.

RAM, Main Memory and ROM Explained

In common usage, the term RAM is synonymous with main memory, the memory available to programs. For example, a computer with 8MB RAM has approximately 8 million bytes of memory that programs can use. In contrast,ROM (read-only memory) refers to special memory used to store programs that boot the computer and perform diagnostics. Most personal computers have a small amount of ROM (a few thousand bytes). In fact, both types of memory (ROM and RAM) allow random access. To be precise, therefore, RAM should be referred to as read/write RAM and ROM as read-only RAM.

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How To Create A Statistical Graph

Create a Statistical Graph

To create a statistical graph:

1. Select the data table on which you want to base the graph. A graph can be based on either link or node data. Alternatively, if you already have a graph open, you can select that graph and base the new graph on the selected graph.
2. From the Graphs menu, select the type of graph that you want to create.
3. Select the data variables to be used to create the graph. The information that you provide varies with the type of graph, as described in the following table:

   Bar chart	Select the category variable (X axis) from the Category list box. Only character data type variables are available. The default selection is the first variable in the data table. Select the measure variable (Y axis) from the Response list box. Only numeric data type variables are available. If you choose the default selection <Frequency>, then the application displays a frequency chart for the Category variable. (Optional) If you want the bar chart to have an additional subgroup category, then select the variable from the Subgroup list box. Numeric and character data type variables are available. The default selection is <None>.
   Box plot	Select the category variable (X axis) from the Category list box. Only character data type variables are available. The default selection is the first variable in the data table. Select the measure variable (Y axis) from the Response list box. Only numeric data type variables are available.
   Histogram	Select the X variable for the histogram from the X Variable list box. Only numeric data type variables are available. The default selection is the first numeric variable in the data table. Select the Y variable for the histogram from the Y Variable list box. Only numeric data type variables are available. If you choose the default selection <Frequency>, then the application displays a frequency histogram for the X variable.
   Pie chart	Select the category variable from the Category list box. Numeric and character data type variables are available. The default selection is the first variable in the data table.
   Scatter plot	Select the X variable for the plot from the X Variable list box. Only numeric data type variables are available. The default selection is the first numeric variable in the data table. Select the Y variable for the plot from the Y Variable list box. Only numeric data type variables are available. (Optional) Select the Z variable for the plot from the Z Variable list box. Only numeric data type variables are available. The default selection is <None>.

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Types of Statistical Graphs

Types of Statistical Graphs

Bar Charts A bar chart consists of a grid and some vertical or horizontal columns (bars). Each column represents quantitative data. Box Plots A box plot displays summary statistics for the distribution of values for a variable. The outer bounds of the box represent the first and third quartiles. The line inside the box represents the median. The markers outside the box, referred to as outliers, represent data points that are outside of the 25th and 75th percentiles. Histograms A histogram is a bar chart that displays the observed frequencies of data that have been binned (divided into contiguous, equally spaced intervals). The heights of the bars indicate the relative frequency of observations in each bin. Histograms can also show binned response data if you choose a response variable other than Frequency. Pie Charts A pie chart is a circular chart that is divided into slices by radial lines. Each slice represents the relative contribution of each part to the whole. what You Say ABout This Answer Comment Here or Share This Post.

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Definition of 'Equilibrium'

Definition of 'Equilibrium'

The state in which market supply and demand balance each other and, as a result, prices become stable. Generally, when there is too much supply for goods or services, the price goes down, which results in higher demand. The balancing effect of supply and demand results in a state of equilibrium. what You Say ABout This Answer Comment Here or Share This Post.

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Law Of Demand And Supply

Law Of Demand And Supply

What is Supply And Demand? Supply and demand is perhaps one of the most fundamental concepts of economics and it is the backbone of a market economy. Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing to buy at a certain price; the relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demand relationship. Supply represents how much the market can offer. The quantity supplied refers to the amount of a certain good producers are willing to supply when receiving a certain price. The correlation between price and how much of a good or service is supplied to the market is known as the supply relationship. Price, therefore, is a reflection of supply and demand. The Law of Demand? The law of demand states that, if all other factors remain equal, the higher the price of a good, the less people will demand that good. In other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded. The amount of a good that buyers purchase at a higher price is less because as the price of a good goes up, so does the opportunity cost of buying that good. As a result, people will naturally avoid buying a product that will force them to forgo the consumption of something else they value more. The chart below shows that the curve is a downward slope. A, B and C are points on the demand curve. Each point on the curve reflects a direct correlation between quantity demanded (Q) and price (P). So, at point A, the quantity demanded will be Q1 and the price will be P1, and so on. The demand relationship curve illustrates the negative relationship between price and quantity demanded. The higher the price of a good the lower the quantity demanded (A), and the lower the price, the more the good will be in demand (C). The Law of Supply ? Like the law of demand, the law of supply demonstrates the quantities that will be sold at a certain price. But unlike the law of demand, the supply relationship shows an upward slope. This means that the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied. Producers supply more at a higher price because selling a higher quantity at a higher price increases revenue. Time and Supply Unlike the demand relationship, however, the supply relationship is a factor of time. Time is important to supply because suppliers must, but cannot always, react quickly to a change in demand or price. So it is important to try and determine whether a price change that is caused by demand will be temporary or permanent. Let's say there's a sudden increase in the demand and price for umbrellas in an unexpected rainy season; suppliers may simply adjust demand by using their production equipment more intensively. If, however, there is a climate change, and the population will need umbrellas year-round, the change in demand and price will be expected to be long term; suppliers will have to change their equipment and production facilities in order to meet the long-term levels of demand. Supply and Demand Relationship Now that we know the laws of supply and demand, let's turn to an example to show how supply and demand affect price. Imagine that a special edition CD of your favorite band is released for $20. Because the record company's previous analysis showed that consumers will not demand CDs at a price higher than $20, only ten CDs were released because the opportunity cost is too high for suppliers to produce more. If, however, the ten CDs are demanded by 20 people, the price will subsequently rise because, according to the demand relationship, as demand increases, so does the price. Consequently, the rise in price should prompt more CDs to be supplied as the supply relationship shows that the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied. If, however, there are 30 CDs produced and demand is still at 20, the price will not be pushed up because the supply more than accommodates demand. In fact after the 20 consumers have been satisfied with their CD purchases, the price of the leftover CDs may drop as CD producers attempt to sell the remaining ten CDs. The lower price will then make the CD more available to people who had previously decided that the opportunity cost of buying the CD at $20 was too high. Equilibrium with Supply and Demand When supply and demand are equal (i.e. when the supply function and demand function intersect) the economy is said to be at equilibrium. At this point, the allocation of goods is at its most efficient because the amount of goods being supplied is exactly the same as the amount of goods being demanded. Thus, everyone (individuals, firms, or countries) is satisfied with the current economic condition. At the given price, suppliers are selling all the goods that they have produced and consumers are getting all the goods that they are demanding. what You Say ABout This Answer Comment Here or Share This Post.

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What is Level Of Satisfaction Of Consumer?

BS Economics -- Level of Satisfaction

What is level of satisfaction? Satisfaction is an overall psychological state that reflects the evaluation of a relationship between the customer/consumer and a company-environment-product-service. Satisfaction involves one of the following three psychological elements: cognitive (thinking/evaluation), affective (emotional/feeling), and behavioral. اطمینان گاہک/صارفین اور ایک کمپنی-ماحولیات-مصنوعات-سروس کے درمیان کسی تعلق کی تشخیص کی عکاسی کرتا ہے ایک مجموعی طور پر نفسیاتی کیفیت ہے ۔ اطمینان کا درج ذیل تین نفسیاتی عنصر شامل ہے: ادراک (سوچ/تقویم)، جذباتی (جذباتی/احساس)، اور علت ہے ۔ Level Of Satisfaction Of Consumer Most companies pay more attention to their market share than to their customers’ satisfaction. This is a mistake. Market share is a backward-looking metric; customer satisfaction is a forward-looking metric. If customer satisfaction starts slipping, then market share erosion will soon follow. Companies need to monitor and improve the level of customer satisfaction. The higher the customer satisfaction, the higher the retention. for example.. The importance of aiming for high customer satisfaction is underscored in company ads. Honda says: “One reason our customers are so satisfied is that we aren’t.” Cigna advertises, “We’ll never be 100% satisfied until you are, too.” But don’t make too big a claim. Holiday Inns ran a campaign a few years ago that promised“No Surprises.” Guest complaints were so high that the slogan“No Surprises” was mocked, and Holiday Inn quickly canceled this slogan. what You Say ABout This Answer Comment Us Here

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