STATUS AND ROLE

"STATUS AND ROLE"

The major description of the concepts of status and role as is used in the social sciences was developed by Ralp Linton in his work The Study of Man published in 1936.

Status is used to refer to a position in society which a person holds. The term may be used to refer to all of the different statuses which an individual has such as...Father...Husband...Brother... Son...Banker...etc. In all cultures individual members of the societywill hold many different statuses.

Role is used to refer to the behavior pattern which is associated with a particular status. Each status has its own pattern of behavior which a person occupying that particular status will follow. As a result of the number of statuses which an individual in a society holds, any individual will be "playing" a number of different roles.

Ideal Role is used to refer to a society's concept of what "perfect" behavior should be for a given status.

Actual Role refers to the behavior which a person displays in playing the role associated with a given status as modified by that person...people do not live up to the behavior which is found in the ideal role for a status.

Role conflict is the situation which develops as a result of the behavior patterns of two roles being played by the same person conflicting with one another.

Role expectations are the ways of behaving that society (or an individual) says is correct for a given status.

Role Performance is a person functioning in a role or "Playing the Role"

Role Model- an individual whose behavior in a given role serves to provide an example or standard used by another individual to develop his/her behavior in performing that same role.

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Role Conflict

What Is Role Conflict?

Role conflict is an element of organizational behavior--the study of how organizations and their members interact-- that describes a situation in which you're forced to take on multiple jobs with multiple roles, or a single job with multiple roles, and are forced to make a choice between them or compromise in a way that does not satisfy either role.

When Role Conflict Occure

Role conflict occurs when the expectations of different roles conflict with one another. For example, a working mother with a sick child. The expectations of the worker is that they go to work. The expectations of the mother is to care for the sick child. The expectations of the worker role and the the expectations of the mother of a sick child role conflict with one another. 

Difference Between Role Conflict and Role Strain?

Answer

Role conflict refers to the hostility experienced by different groups in a community such as sports teams, ethnic and religious groups. Role strains on the other are the stresses associated with certain roles and positions in the society.

Types Of Coflict and factors

Religious Role Conflict

Religious role conflict occurs when there are changes in the different dimensions of religious roles. Unfortunately, It is not possible to know if changes in one aspect of one's religious commitment result in religious role conflict. But according to previous research, it in fact suggests it does find some support for the idea that changing beliefs lead to role conflict within religion.

Social Factors Among Low-Income Adults Living

When one has multiple role responsibilities, duties or demands from education, job or family relationships it can be hard to manage. Additionally, the responsibilities are manageable while other times it can be hard to manage especially when one is living in a low income household.

Homeless Men and Gender Role Conflict

Homelessness is a situation that takes a heavy toll on anyone, especially men with children or dependents. Traditional gender roles describe men as being the providers. Homeless men are often unemployed thus lack the means to provide the resources that their family needs. This can cause high levels of distress in men. Homeless men may also become the sole caregiver of their children during homelessness. This can lead to high stress levels in men because they are expected to take on the role of both provider and nurturer. The transition can be very overwhelming.

Role Conflict in Prisons

Prisons are filled predominantly with male inmates. This may be due to the dominant construction of masculinity, which inclines males to criminality and violence. Dominant masculinity is symbolized by control, independence, heterosexuality, aggressiveness, authority, and a capacity for violence in American culture. When a male finds themselves lacking in one of these areas they may be driven to make up for it in another area; such as when a poor, jobless young man tries to show masculinity by carrying a gun or wearing gang related clothing. 

Role Conflict Within a Workplace

Working with groups - especially in a work or committee setting - can sometimes result in role conflict if an individual feels that his or her roles are in opposition. These roles may be in conflict for many reasons. For example, the role taker may misunderstand the role sender's prescribed tasks or the miscommunication can occur the other way, as well. If a role taker is seemingly enthusiastic about taking on many tasks within various roles, this may be communicated to the role sender and he or she may be given conflicting role requirements. Role conflict can pair with role ambiguity - a situation in which the expectations of a role are ill-defined - to create role stress, which is detrimental to workplace performance. Role stress has also been linked to decreased job satisfaction and employee turnover

Effect of Role Conflict on Men

Men generally are more restrictive than women when it comes to expressing their emotions. At times this can be a positive attribute; they are typically more level headed. This characteristic is also harmful not only to the individual but to the people with whom he interacts with. When men are not able to verbalize their feelings they can build up within the individual causing large amounts of stress and anxiety. Their inability to express emotions also inhibits their ability to form meaningful connections with the people around them. They may come across as cold or detached. Many men experience gender role conflict in response to deeper issues such as depression, low-self esteem, and anxiety. Recognizing the problem and developing flexible behaviour are two effective ways for men to cope with gender role conflicts.

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POWER AND AUTHORITY

Definition: Authority is a concept whose development is most often associated with the German sociologist Max Weber who saw it as a particular form of power. Authority is defined and supported by the norms of a social system and generally accepted as legitimate by those who participate in it. Most forms of authority are not attached to individuals, but rather to a social position, or status, that they occupy in a social system.

Examples:

We tend to obey the orders of police officers, for example, not because of who they are as individuals, but because we accept their right to have power over us in certain situations and we assume others will support that right should we choose to challenge it.

Max Weber has defined power as, 'the chance of a person or a number of persons to realize their own will in communal action even against the resistance of others who are participating in the action.

So, power is an aspect of social relationships. An individual or group does not hold power in isolation, but hold it in relation to others.

It is these systems of legitimation which are designated as the types of authority. They are:

(a) Traditional

(b) Charismatic

(c) Rational-legal

Elements of Authority

(a) An individual ruler or master ruler or a group of rulers / masters.

(b) An individual / group that is ruled

(c) The will of the ruler to influence the conduct of the ruled which may be expressed through commands.

(d) Evidence of the influence of the rulers in terms of compliance or obedience shown by the ruled.

(e) Direct or indirect evidence which shows that the ruled have internalised and accepted the fact that the ruler's commands must be obeyed.

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Social Interaction

I. Social Interaction in Everyday Life
A. Social Structure: Guides human behavior rather than rigidly determining it
1. A collective reality that exists apart from individuals, constructing the context in which people interact.
2. Social System: An arrangement of relationships existing apart from the specific people involved.











B. Social Interaction: the process by which people act and react in relation to others
1. Acts people perform toward each other and the responses they give in return.
2. Personal Agency: The Ability to have an effect on one's own environment
3. Interaction process: Ways in which partners agree on their goals, negotiate behavior, and distribute resources
4. Social interaction includes a large number of behaviors, so many that in sociology interaction is usually divided into five categories
5. Types of Social Interaction

a. Exchange: The process in which people transfer goods, services, and other items with each other.
• Exchange is a social process whereby social behavior is exchanged for some type of reward for equal or greater value.

b. Competition: Process by which two or more people/groups attempt to obtain the same goal
• Scarce resources are unequally distributed.
• This concept is very familiar and important to Americans considering the idea of competition is built in to our economy and society
• Yet, the jury is still out whether this competition produces the assumed results of the “best rising to the top”

c. Cooperation: The process in which people work together to achieved shared goals
• Usually this involves the giving up of individual goals for group goals

d. Conflict: The process by which people attempt to physically or socially conquer each other.
• Although war is the most obvious example of this, this is done most often in social situations (ex. politics, threats, etc.)

e.Coercion: Process by which people compel other people to do something against their will – based ultimately on force.
• The state usually handles this through official means (police, army, etc.) but individuals use it in social situations as well (parents, friends, lovers – sex)
f. No one type of interaction describes social reality – it involves a mix and match of different ones.



C. Components of Interaction
• As we have discussed many times, people’s actions in society are most always unconscious.
• They are usually based on different linkages we have with society.

1. Status: A recognized social position that an individual occupies
a. A position in society (ex. teacher, daughter, mother, doctor, etc.) that is characterized by certain rights and obligations.
• Statuses can determine how people interact
• We have to be aware of using the wrong interaction when dealing with different statuses

b. Status Set: Consists of all the statuses a person holds at a given time
• The collection of statuses that a person occupies at any one time
c. Ascribed and Achieved Statuses
• Sociology usually distinguishes between two types of statuses: ascribed and achieved
• An Ascribed Status is a social position that someone receives at birth or involuntarily assumes later in life
• A status that cannot be changed by individual effort – we have them whether we want them or not (ex. age, sex, race, ethnicity – religion and class can also be ascribed but may be changed).
• An Achieved Status is a social position that someone assumes voluntarily and that reflects personal ability and effort
• Obtained through individual effort (ex. education and occupation).
• Usually comes out through a combination of effort, ability, and luck.
• In many cases, achieved and ascribed statuses are closely related – men (ascribed) usually have higher incomes and education (achieved).
• Class and Race/Ethnicity also play an important role in our achieved status
d. Master Status: A status that has exceptional importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life
• Master Status: One status that is more important than the others
• It has the greatest impact on a person's self-identity and appearance to others.
• People usually organize their lives and identity around it.
• It is their main social identity (ex. occupation, familial, etc.)







2. Role: A role consists of behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status

a. Role: The expected behavior associated with a status
• A status is a social position and a role is the behavior of that position.
• Role expectations are powerful, so powerful that if we diverge to far from what is expected we encounter resistance.

b. Some characteristics of roles:
• Role performance differs from role expectation
• Roles are relational, organizing our behavior toward some other person
• Role Set refers to a number of roles attached to a single status
• A collection of roles associated with a given status

c. Role Conflict and Role Strain
• Role conflict refers to incompatibility among roles corresponding to two or more different statuses
• Incompatibility of different roles played by a single person – or difficult moral choices.
• Competing and conflicting demands stemming from a role set

• It can be reduced by:
• Defining some roles as more important than others
• Setting priorities
• Insulating roles from one another
• Role Strain refers to incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status
• The attempt to meet incompatible expectations within a single status
• Role Stress: The anxiety produced by being unable to meet all role requirements at the same time.
• Role Exit: The process by which people disengage from social roles that have been central in their lives
• Goffman came up with the concept of Role Distance: This is where we play our roles in society without really meaning it, and with an ulterior motive in mind
• We play our roles with the thoughts in the back of our heads that these actions are diametrically opposed (contrary) to what we really think and believe
• This is the only way human dignity can be maintained within our self-awareness.
• This includes all cases where a role is played deliberately without any inner-identification
• Where the actor has established an inner distance between his consciousness and his role playing



D. Social Construction of Reality: The process by which individuals creatively shape reality through social interaction
1. The Thomas Theorem: states that situations we define as real become real in there consequences

2. Ethnomethodology: a subfield of sociology developed by Harold Garfinkel which studies the way people make sense of their everyday lives
a. This approach is linked to both dramaturgy and symbolic interaction
• But it focuses on the very basic assumptions of everyday life
• We rarely think of these rules or even recognize their existence
• We assume that everyone shares our version of reality and rarely question its underlying assumptions
• Ethnomethodology: The methodology for studying the common understanding of everyday life (Harold Garfinkel)
• Belief that we share a sense of reality with other people by following social rules.
• These rules are unspoken and deeply embedded in our culture – so embedded that we are not aware of their existence.
• His goal – the goal of ethnomethodology is to bring these rules to the surface and determine the effect they have on our behavior.
• Garfinkel attempted to demonstrate these unspoken rules by conducting experiments – breaching experiments.
• Breaching experiment: a procedure whereby the experimenter violates a suspected rule and observes people’s reaction to the violation
• The power of this experiment comes from the fact that it is so simple.
• Something to think about though, are breaching experiments showing the weakness of society – or its strength?


b. Establishes a major point in sociology: Orderly social interaction is only possible if we all abide by social rules that we rarely notice.


3. Exchange Theory

a. Exchange Theory focuses on the exchanges that we perform with one another on a daily basis.
• Although we always think of monetary exchange – there are other kinds of exchange – especially emotional, that allow us to act with one another in an ordered way.
• Norm of Reciprocity: If you do something for a person, they must do something of approximately equal social value in return.
• They may be informal obligations, but people usually take them seriously because people don’t like to owe anybody anything – they would rather have someone owe them.
• If someone continually fails to reciprocate, we usually end the social interaction (lending money, doing favors, sending cards, etc.)


b. Exchange creates complex social relations to the point that whoever is involved in the most profitable exchanges becomes the more powerful




E. Dramaturgy: Developed by Erving Goffman, consists of the definition of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance

1. Goffman’s approach to studying behavior is important because it focuses on the everyday occurrences we experience in life.
a. He is able to show how we gain meaning from social interaction and common situations.
b. Goffman developed an approach he called dramaturgy, where social interaction can be viewed as a series of small plays.
c. Interactions are scripted by the roles of participants.
d. We have these roles because we are socialized to know what others expect our behavior to be in different situations.
e. People become skilled at what role to play and when to play it.
• Patterns begin to develop as to what roles each person plays, making it easier to see how each person deals with certain situations.


2. The Presentation of Self: the effort of an individual to create specific impressions in the minds of others

3. Goffman believed that everyone in society followed a script – these scripts are usually unstated, but everyone in society understands them and they go into making up our ordered interaction in society.
a. The script is a set of rules that everyone must follow in order to deal with particular situations.
• Our role performances are judged the same way dramatic performances are judged by critics.
• We can perform badly or well.
• Goffman noted that people help us perform our roles to the point of ignoring mistakes or problems with our performance.
• We have a need to keep society orderly, thus we let people make mistakes in order to keep society running smoothly (ex. If someone does something embarrassing, we usually ignore it – don’t make a big deal about it – in order to keep going)
• They pretend not to notice so we don’t even get embarrassed
• Studied Non-Observance: Pretending not to notice a mistake in role performance.
b. The dramaturgical approach takes an audience into account when we act in our roles
• Just like in a theater, we have a front region, where we play a role before an audience
• This is where formal (public) and official role-playing is done.
• And a back region, where we play a different role with a different audience.
• This is where informal (private) role-playing is done – setting up for the next performance, rehearsing, relaxing, etc.
c. People engage in impression management, whereby we consciously manipulate props, scenery, costumes, and behavior in attempt to manipulate a situation and other people (ex. job interviews).
d. Nonverbal communication: Consists of communication using body movements, gestures and facial expressions rather than speech
• Most of it is culture specific
• Close attention to non-verbal communication is often an effective way to tell whether someone is telling the truth or not
e. People have called Goffman’s approach overly cynical.
• His use of the idea of a stage play with actors makes it sound like all we do is perform and fool others (like a con-man), but Goffman points out that very few people have the skill to manipulate the situation.





F. Other Things
1. Gender affects personal performance in areas such as:
a. Demeanor
b. Use of Personal Space: the surrounding area over which an individual makes some claim to privacy
c. Staring, smiling, and touching

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Social Interaction Assignment

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Assignment For Noun And Pronoun

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Interjection With Details. --Assignment--

What Is An Interjection?

An interjection is one of the eight major parts of speech, along with verbs, nouns, pronouns,adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions. Some grammarians believe that interjections are the least important part of speech. This is because interjections are not generally required in order for the meaning of a sentence to become clear.

An interjection is a word solely designed to convey emotion. It expresses meaning or feeling. It does not:

• relate grammatically to the other parts of the sentence
• help the reader understand the relationship between words and phrases in the sentence

Instead, it simply conveys to the reader the way the author is feeling. Interjections are rarely used in academic or formal writing, but are common in fiction or artistic writing. They are usually, but not always, offset by an exclamation point (which is also used to show emotion).

Use of Interjections

Beginning of Sentences

When people think of interjections, they commonly think of them being used at the beginning of the sentence. Many also associate interjections with a punctuation mark designed to convey emotion: the exclamation point.

This is often true. Interjections can and do appear in the beginning of sentences. For example:

• “Yikes, I didn’t realize that there was a test on grammar today!”
• “Oh no, I can’t believe that it is snowing here again!”

In both of these sentences the interjection - “yikes” and “oh no” appear at the beginning of the sentence. In addition, in both of the sentences, the emotion is a strong emotion and the sentence itself ends with an exclamation point.

Middle or End of Sentences

Interjections do not always have to be at the beginning of a sentence. They can appear in the middle, at the end, or anyplace else where the author wants to interject a bit of feeling and emotion.

For example, in the sentence “So, it’s snowing again, huh?” the interjection is found at the end. Here, the interjection is designed to express confusion (or perhaps dismay) at the continued snow falling. In this sentence, the emotion wasn’t an emotion that necessitated an exclamation point--instead, the interjection ‘huh’ turned the sentence into a question.

The sentence “In my opinion, my gosh, this is just the smartest thing you have ever said” the interjection is found in the middle. It designed to express or convey the author’s emphasis on his opinion that the statement was smart. Again, no exclamation point is required.

Stand-alone Sentence

An interjection can also be used by itself as a stand-alone sentence. For example, look at the two sentences: “Oh gosh! I can’t believe how late it is.” The interjection “oh gosh” is a stand-alone sentence. This is grammatically correct, although “Oh Gosh” does not contain a subject and action that is normally required for a complete thought to be expressed. The interjection--or the emotion felt--is the entire point of the sentence.

Types of Interjections

There are literally hundreds, if not thousands, of interjections in the English language. Most are designed to express strong emotions, such as love, hate, surprise, happiness, anger, enthusiasm, disgust, boredom, confusion or unhappiness. However, this is not always true. Some interjections can express either a mild emotion, or can be expressions, such as “Excuse me.”

A sample list of interjections includes words such as:

• Aha
• Boo
• Crud
• Dang
• Eew
• Gosh
• Goodness
• Ha
• Oh
• Oops
• Oh no
• Ouch
• Rats
• Shoot
• Uh-oh
• Uh-huh
• Ugh
• Yikes
• Yuck

This is by no means an exhaustive list, but is representative of the types of interjections you may use on a daily basis. For more examples see Examples of Interjections.

Examples of Interjections

An interjection is a part of speech that shows the emotion or feeling of the author. These words or phrases can stand alone or be placed before or after a sentence. Many times aninterjection is followed by a punctuation mark, often an exclamation point.

Interjections: Showing the Author's Emotion

Here are some examples of interjections and their definitions:

• Ahem - The sound of someone clearing their throat and means “attention” or “listen”
• Aah - This is used as a call for help or when someone is scared
• Boo - Used to scare someone or to voice disapproval
• Eh - This is used when you didn’t hear or understand what someone said
• Eww - Ahows dislike or disgust
• Hmm - This can mean you are thinking or hesitating
• Jeez - Could mean you can’t believe something, or you are exasperated
• Ooh-la-la - A slightly comical way to refer to something as fancy or special
• Oops - An exclamation people use when they accidentally do something
• Phew - This expresses relief or that you are glad something is over
• Whoa - This can show surprise or amazement
• Yahoo - Expresses joy or happiness
• Yeah - This shows a very strong affirmation or approval
• Yoo-hoo - This is used to get someone’s attention and is usually used by women
• Zing - This is similar to a rim shot used in comic acts and emphasizes a clever statement or comeback

Interjections in a Sentence

Here are some interjections with an accompanying sentence:

• Ahh, that feels wonderful.
• Alas! I’m lost in the wilderness.
• Bah! That was a total waste of time.
• Bless you, I couldn’t have done it without you.
• It’s time for me to go. Cheerio!
• Congrats! You finally got your Master’s degree.
• Crikey! Do you ever think before you speak?
• Gesundheit! Are you starting to get a cold?
• Good grief! Why are you wearing shorts in the winter?
• Grrr! I’m going to get back at him for that.
• Humph, he probably cheated to make such good grades.
• Oh dear! I don’t know what to do about this mess.
• Pip pip! Let’s get moving.
• Shoot! I forgot my brother’s birthday.
• Well, duh! That was a stupid thing to do!
• Yowza! That is a beautiful ball gown.

More Interjection Examples

Here is a list of other interjections:

• Absolutely
• Achoo
• Ack
• Adios
• Aha
• Ahoy
• Agreed
• Alack
• Alright
• Alrighty
• Alrighty-roo
• Alack
• Alleluia
• All hail
• Aloha
• Amen
• Anytime
• Argh
• Anyhoo
• Anyhow
• As if
• Attaboy
• Attagirl
• Awww
• Awful
• Ay
• Bam
• Bah hambug
• Begorra
• Behold
• Bingo
• Blah
• Bravo
• Brrr
• Bye
• Cheers
• Ciao
• Cripes
• Crud
• Darn
• Dear
• Doh
• Drat
• Eek
• Encore
• Eureka
• Fiddlesticks
• Fie
• Gadzooks
• Gee
• Geepers
• Gee Whiz
• Golly
• Goodbye
• Goodness
• Goodness Gracious
• Gosh
• Great
• Ha
• Ha-ha
• Hail
• Hallelujah
• Heigh-ho
• Hello
• Hey
• Hi
• Holy cow
• Holy smokes
• Hotdog
• Huh
• Hurray
• Hush
• Indeed
• Jeepers creepers
• Lo and behold
• Man
• My word
• No
• Now
• Nah
• Oh
• Oh my
• Oh well
• Ooh
• Ouch
• Ow
• Phooey
• Please
• Pooh
• Pow
• Presto
• Pshaw
• Rats
• Right-o
• Scat
• Shh
• Shoo
• Shucks
• So
• So long
• Thanks
• There
• Touché
• Ugh
• Uh-huh
• Uh-oh
• Ugh
• Viva
• Voila
• Waa
• Wahoo
• Well
• Whoopee
• Whoops
• Whoosh
• Wow
• Yay
• Yea
• Yes
• Yikes
• Yippee
• Yo
• Yuck
• Yummy
• Zap

As you can see from the above examples, people use interjections every day in common speech. 

Identifying Interjections

Now that you’ve looked at a list of interjections, practice identifying them in these ten sentences:

1. Yowza! That is a fine looking car.
2. Hurray! It is a snow day and school is cancelled.
3. It is so exciting, my goodness, I just can’t believe it.
4. Joe was late to school and yikes, the teacher was mad.
5. Oh! I can’t believe how nice you look.
6. Well, gee, that sure is a kind thing to say.
7. Boo! I scared you.
8. Woops, I dropped the milk and it spilled.
9. Yay, it is finally Friday and the work week is over.
10. Oh well, all good things must come to an end.

Answers to Identifying Interjections:

1. Yowza! That is a fine looking car: Yowza is the interjection here. It is expressing the emotion of being quite impressed with the car.
2. Hurray! It is a snow day and school is cancelled Hurray is the emotion here. Clearly, it is expressing happiness.
3. It is so exciting, my goodness, I just can’t believe it. My goodness is the interjection here, expressing excitement.
4. Joe was late to school and yikes, the teacher was mad. Yikes is the emotion being expressed here.
5. Oh! I can’t believe how nice you look. Oh, the interjection, acts as a classic interjection at the beginning of a sentence. It is offset by its exclamation point.
6. Well, gee, that sure is a kind thing to say. Here, we have two interjections: well and gee.
7. Boo! I scared you. Boo is the rather obvious (and scary) interjection in this sentence.
8. Woops, I dropped the milk and it spilled. Woops is the interjection used to express the error.
9. Yay, it is finally Friday and the work week is over. Yay is another interjection that expresses the emotion of happiness, just as hurray did in sentence #2.
10. Oh well, all good things must come to an end. Oh well is the emotion here, an interjection with a tinge of resignation.

Interjections in Writing

Interjections are not commonly used in formal or academic writing. Because of the function that interjections serve, there is virtually no place for them in an academic paper that is designed to convey facts. By definition, facts should be devoid of emotion or opinion such as the emotions conveyed by interjections.

Interjections are used most often in speech. While people don’t necessarily pause to think about it, they use interjections all the time. This is even more true when you consider the fact that common words used in pauses, such as “uh,” and “um” are interjections.

Interjections can find their way into fictional pieces, most often in the form of dialogue. They can also be used in informal written communication between two people, such as letters or emails.

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Supply and Demand Curve

Demand

Demand is willingness and ability of buyers to purchase goods and services.

determinants of demand (How many slices of pizza are buyers willing and able to purchase):

1. price of pizza- the law of demand says that people purchase more of something when its price falls
2. income
3. tastes/preferences
4. price of a compliment like beer
5. price of a substitute like chicken wings

demand

amount people are willing and able to purchase at each possible price

quantity demanded

amount of the product people are willing and able to purchase at a specific price

A demand schedule is a list of the quantities demanded at different prices. When constructing a demand schedule, everything else that might affect demand is held constant. Consider the following demand schedule for pizza for person A:

Price	Quantity Demanded
($/slice)	(number of slices)
$2.50	1
$2.00	2
$1.50	3
$1.00	4
$0.50	5

There is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded: when price rises the quantity demanded falls. This "law of demand" is due to consumers substituting purchases away from a good whose price has risen towards relatively less expensive goods.

Here is the demand schedule for person B:

Price	Quantity Demanded
($/slice)	(number of slices)
$2.50	3
$2.00	4
$1.50	5
$1.00	6
$0.50	7

The market demand schedule is found by adding up the quantity demanded over all buyers, assume just A and B, at each price.

Price	Quantity Demanded
($/slice)	(number of slices)
$2.50	1 + 3 = 4
$2.00	2 + 4 = 6
$1.50	3 + 5 = 8
$1.00	4 + 6 = 10
$0.50	5 + 7 = 12

A demand curve is a graph of the demand schedule.

A change in the price of a good causes a movement along the demand curve. If the price of pizza falls from $2.00 to $0.50, the market moves from point A down the demand curve to point B. The quantity demanded rises from 6 to 12 slices of pizza. The change in the price of pizza has no effect on the demand for pizza. Demand is repesented by the entire demand curve. A change in the price of pizza does not cause any change in the demand curve.

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Supply

Supply is willingness and ability of firm to offer goods for sale in a market. A supply schedule is a list of the amounts firm are willing to offer for sale at each of the possible prices.

Suppose this is Seller A's supply schedule:

Price	Quantity Supplied
($/slice)	(number of slices)
$2.50	4
$2.00	3
$1.50	2
$1.00	1
$0.50	0

Businesses are in business to make profits. When the price of a good rises it becomes more profitable to produce that good. So, firms will devote more resources to the production of a good whose price has risen. There is a direct, positive relationship between price and quantity supplied.

Here is Seller B's supply schedule:

Price	Quantity Supplied
($/slice)	(number of slices)
$2.50	10
$2.00	8
$1.50	6
$1.00	4
$0.50	2

Assume that there are only two sellers in the market, A and B. The market supply schedule is found by adding up at each price by adding up the quantity supplied by each seller.

Price	Quantity Supplied
($/slice)	(number of slices)
$2.50	4 + 10 = 14
$2.00	3 + 8 = 11
$1.50	2 + 6 = 8
$1.00	1 + 4 = 5
$0.50	0 + 2 = 2

A supply curve is a graph of the supply schedule. A supply curve is upward sloping.

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Adam Smith And Classical Economy

Q1: Who is Adim Smith And What You Know About it

Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy Scotland in 1723. When he was 17 years old he went to Oxford and in 1951 he became a professor of Logic at Glasgow. The next year he took the Chair of Moral Philosophy. It 1776 he published his masterpiece: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Admin Smith And His Work Adam Smith is often described as the "founding father of economics". A great deal of what is now considered standard theory about the theory about markets was developed by Adam Smith. Two books, Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations are of great importance. Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations - His Book Wealth of Nations is considered to be and is arguably the most important book on the subject ever published. Without a doubt, it is the most seminal text in the field of free-market capitalism.

Q2: What is Classical Economy?

Classical economics is widely regarded as the first modern school of economic thought. Its major developers include Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus and John Stuart Mill Classical economics is widely regarded as the first modern school of economic thought. Its major developers include Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus and John Stuart Mill. کلاسیکی معاشیات کو وسیع پیمانے پر پہلا جدید سکول معاشی فکر کے طور پر سمجھا جاتا ہے ۔ اس بڑے ڈویلپرز میں آدم سمتھ، جین باپسٹی کہتے ہیں کہ، ڈیوڈ ریکارڈو، تھامس مالتھس اور سٹوارٹ شامل ہیں ۔ What You Know More About it.? Economics usually labels those thinkers classical (or neoclassical) economists. These included Alfred Marshall, William Stanley Jevons, Arthur Cecil Pigou, John Bates Clark, Irving Fisher, and Knut Wicksell. The Classical economists believed in free market efficiency given a series of assumptions known as the First Welfare Theorem. The conditions of this theorem are that there is perfect information in the market, zero transaction costs, a large number of buyers and sellers, no externalities, and all transactions of voluntary. According to the classical school of thought, free markets functioned better than regulated markets as long as the conditions of the First Welfare Theorem held. The classical economists did not differentiate between macroeconomic and microeconomic theory. They used their understanding of (micro)economic theory to analyze both micro and macroeconomic phenomena. Classical economists conceived of the macroeconomy as no more than aggregated(مجموعی ) microeconomics.

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     Topic Of Day      

Topics Of this Day Are Following.

Sociology.  

1. waht isMaster Satus?
2. describe about Role Allocation.
3. what is Role Conflict?

Statistics.  

1. what is pie chart?
2. Q30, Q31, Q32 solved.
3. solve also related questions.
4. created pie chart and component bar chart.

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what is Master Status, Role Allocation, Role Conflict?

What is Master Status In Sociology ?

 Answer. 

A master status is the most important positions people occupy in a social position. In sociology, It is an identity that overshadows all other status of the individual. Its a primary identification of an individual

You can say as...

The master status of an individual is one which, in most or all social situations, will overpower or dominate all other statuses.
Exemple.
 master status. is the way others view you; or how you are known in your social word.

What is meant by Role Allocation In Sociology ?

Role Allocation was created by Parsons, and built on by Davis and Moore (all functionalist thinkers. It is the process in education by which students are judged on aptitude and ability and siggested suitable career/work roles, making sure the highest jobs (e.g. surgeons, pilots) are undertaken by the most talented people.

What is meant by Role Conflict In Sociology ?

Role conflict occurs when people are confronted with incompatible role expectations in the various social statuses they occupy. Role conflict can take several different forms. When the roles are associated with two different statuses, the result is known as status strain. When the conflicting roles are both associated with the same status, the result is known as role strain. Conflict may also occur when people disagree about what the expectations are for a particular role or when someone simply has difficulty satisfying expectations because their duties are unclear, too difficult, or disagreeable.

Examples:

A parent may feel conflicting obligations to employers who demand full devotion to the job and children who need to be cared for when they are sick (status strain).

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