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Thursday 28 November 2013

Interjection With Details. --Assignment--

What Is An Interjection?

An interjection is one of the eight major parts of speech, along with verbsnounspronouns,adjectivesadverbsprepositions and conjunctions. Some grammarians believe that interjections are the least important part of speech. This is because interjections are not generally required in order for the meaning of a sentence to become clear.
An interjection is a word solely designed to convey emotion. It expresses meaning or feeling. It does not:
  • relate grammatically to the other parts of the sentence
  • help the reader understand the relationship between words and phrases in the sentence
Instead, it simply conveys to the reader the way the author is feeling. Interjections are rarely used in academic or formal writing, but are common in fiction or artistic writing. They are usually, but not always, offset by an exclamation point (which is also used to show emotion).

Use of Interjections

Beginning of Sentences

When people think of interjections, they commonly think of them being used at the beginning of the sentence. Many also associate interjections with a punctuation mark designed to convey emotion: the exclamation point.
This is often true. Interjections can and do appear in the beginning of sentences. For example:
  • “Yikes, I didn’t realize that there was a test on grammar today!”
  • “Oh no, I can’t believe that it is snowing here again!”
In both of these sentences the interjection - “yikes” and “oh no” appear at the beginning of the sentence. In addition, in both of the sentences, the emotion is a strong emotion and the sentence itself ends with an exclamation point.

Middle or End of Sentences

Interjections do not always have to be at the beginning of a sentence. They can appear in the middle, at the end, or anyplace else where the author wants to interject a bit of feeling and emotion.
For example, in the sentence “So, it’s snowing again, huh?” the interjection is found at the end. Here, the interjection is designed to express confusion (or perhaps dismay) at the continued snow falling. In this sentence, the emotion wasn’t an emotion that necessitated an exclamation point--instead, the interjection ‘huh’ turned the sentence into a question.
The sentence “In my opinion, my gosh, this is just the smartest thing you have ever said” the interjection is found in the middle. It designed to express or convey the author’s emphasis on his opinion that the statement was smart. Again, no exclamation point is required.

Stand-alone Sentence

An interjection can also be used by itself as a stand-alone sentence. For example, look at the two sentences: “Oh gosh! I can’t believe how late it is.” The interjection “oh gosh” is a stand-alone sentence. This is grammatically correct, although “Oh Gosh” does not contain a subject and action that is normally required for a complete thought to be expressed. The interjection--or the emotion felt--is the entire point of the sentence.

Types of Interjections

There are literally hundreds, if not thousands, of interjections in the English language. Most are designed to express strong emotions, such as love, hate, surprise, happiness, anger, enthusiasm, disgust, boredom, confusion or unhappiness. However, this is not always true. Some interjections can express either a mild emotion, or can be expressions, such as “Excuse me.”
A sample list of interjections includes words such as:
  • Aha
  • Boo
  • Crud
  • Dang
  • Eew
  • Gosh
  • Goodness
  • Ha
  • Oh
  • Oops
  • Oh no
  • Ouch
  • Rats
  • Shoot
  • Uh-oh
  • Uh-huh
  • Ugh
  • Yikes
  • Yuck
This is by no means an exhaustive list, but is representative of the types of interjections you may use on a daily basis. For more examples see Examples of Interjections.

Examples of Interjections

An interjection is a part of speech that shows the emotion or feeling of the author. These words or phrases can stand alone or be placed before or after a sentence. Many times aninterjection is followed by a punctuation mark, often an exclamation point.

Interjections: Showing the Author's Emotion

Here are some examples of interjections and their definitions:
  • Ahem - The sound of someone clearing their throat and means “attention” or “listen”
  • Aah - This is used as a call for help or when someone is scared
  • Boo - Used to scare someone or to voice disapproval
  • Eh - This is used when you didn’t hear or understand what someone said
  • Eww - Ahows dislike or disgust
  • Hmm - This can mean you are thinking or hesitating
  • Jeez - Could mean you can’t believe something, or you are exasperated
  • Ooh-la-la - A slightly comical way to refer to something as fancy or special
  • Oops - An exclamation people use when they accidentally do something
  • Phew - This expresses relief or that you are glad something is over
  • Whoa - This can show surprise or amazement
  • Yahoo - Expresses joy or happiness
  • Yeah - This shows a very strong affirmation or approval
  • Yoo-hoo - This is used to get someone’s attention and is usually used by women
  • Zing - This is similar to a rim shot used in comic acts and emphasizes a clever statement or comeback

Interjections in a Sentence

Here are some interjections with an accompanying sentence:
  • Ahh, that feels wonderful.
  • Alas! I’m lost in the wilderness.
  • Bah! That was a total waste of time.
  • Bless you, I couldn’t have done it without you.
  • It’s time for me to go. Cheerio!
  • Congrats! You finally got your Master’s degree.
  • Crikey! Do you ever think before you speak?
  • Gesundheit! Are you starting to get a cold?
  • Good grief! Why are you wearing shorts in the winter?
  • Grrr! I’m going to get back at him for that.
  • Humph, he probably cheated to make such good grades.
  • Oh dear! I don’t know what to do about this mess.
  • Pip pip! Let’s get moving.
  • Shoot! I forgot my brother’s birthday.
  • Well, duh! That was a stupid thing to do!
  • Yowza! That is a beautiful ball gown.

More Interjection Examples

Here is a list of other interjections:
  • Absolutely
  • Achoo
  • Ack
  • Adios
  • Aha
  • Ahoy
  • Agreed
  • Alack
  • Alright
  • Alrighty
  • Alrighty-roo
  • Alack
  • Alleluia
  • All hail
  • Aloha
  • Amen
  • Anytime
  • Argh
  • Anyhoo
  • Anyhow
  • As if
  • Attaboy
  • Attagirl
  • Awww
  • Awful
  • Ay
  • Bam
  • Bah hambug
  • Begorra
  • Behold
  • Bingo
  • Blah
  • Bravo
  • Brrr
  • Bye
  • Cheers
  • Ciao
  • Cripes
  • Crud
  • Darn
  • Dear
  • Doh
  • Drat
  • Eek
  • Encore
  • Eureka
  • Fiddlesticks
  • Fie
  • Gadzooks
  • Gee
  • Geepers
  • Gee Whiz
  • Golly
  • Goodbye
  • Goodness
  • Goodness Gracious
  • Gosh
  • Great
  • Ha
  • Ha-ha
  • Hail
  • Hallelujah
  • Heigh-ho
  • Hello
  • Hey
  • Hi
  • Holy cow
  • Holy smokes
  • Hotdog
  • Huh
  • Hurray
  • Hush
  • Indeed
  • Jeepers creepers
  • Lo and behold
  • Man
  • My word
  • No
  • Now
  • Nah
  • Oh
  • Oh my
  • Oh well
  • Ooh
  • Ouch
  • Ow
  • Phooey
  • Please
  • Pooh
  • Pow
  • Presto
  • Pshaw
  • Rats
  • Right-o
  • Scat
  • Shh
  • Shoo
  • Shucks
  • So
  • So long
  • Thanks
  • There
  • Touché
  • Ugh
  • Uh-huh
  • Uh-oh
  • Ugh
  • Viva
  • Voila
  • Waa
  • Wahoo
  • Well
  • Whoopee
  • Whoops
  • Whoosh
  • Wow
  • Yay
  • Yea
  • Yes
  • Yikes
  • Yippee
  • Yo
  • Yuck
  • Yummy
  • Zap
As you can see from the above examples, people use interjections every day in common speech. 


Identifying Interjections

Now that you’ve looked at a list of interjections, practice identifying them in these ten sentences:
  1. Yowza! That is a fine looking car.
  2. Hurray! It is a snow day and school is cancelled.
  3. It is so exciting, my goodness, I just can’t believe it.
  4. Joe was late to school and yikes, the teacher was mad.
  5. Oh! I can’t believe how nice you look.
  6. Well, gee, that sure is a kind thing to say.
  7. Boo! I scared you.
  8. Woops, I dropped the milk and it spilled.
  9. Yay, it is finally Friday and the work week is over.
  10. Oh well, all good things must come to an end.

Answers to Identifying Interjections:

  1. Yowza! That is a fine looking car: Yowza is the interjection here. It is expressing the emotion of being quite impressed with the car.
  2. Hurray! It is a snow day and school is cancelled Hurray is the emotion here. Clearly, it is expressing happiness.
  3. It is so exciting, my goodness, I just can’t believe it. My goodness is the interjection here, expressing excitement.
  4. Joe was late to school and yikes, the teacher was mad. Yikes is the emotion being expressed here.
  5. Oh! I can’t believe how nice you look. Oh, the interjection, acts as a classic interjection at the beginning of a sentence. It is offset by its exclamation point.
  6. Well, gee, that sure is a kind thing to say. Here, we have two interjections: well and gee.
  7. Boo! I scared you. Boo is the rather obvious (and scary) interjection in this sentence.
  8. Woops, I dropped the milk and it spilled. Woops is the interjection used to express the error.
  9. Yay, it is finally Friday and the work week is over. Yay is another interjection that expresses the emotion of happiness, just as hurray did in sentence #2.
  10. Oh well, all good things must come to an end. Oh well is the emotion here, an interjection with a tinge of resignation.

Interjections in Writing

Interjections are not commonly used in formal or academic writing. Because of the function that interjections serve, there is virtually no place for them in an academic paper that is designed to convey facts. By definition, facts should be devoid of emotion or opinion such as the emotions conveyed by interjections.
Interjections are used most often in speech. While people don’t necessarily pause to think about it, they use interjections all the time. This is even more true when you consider the fact that common words used in pauses, such as “uh,” and “um” are interjections.
Interjections can find their way into fictional pieces, most often in the form of dialogue. They can also be used in informal written communication between two people, such as letters or emails.

Monday 25 November 2013

Supply and Demand Curve

Demand

Demand is willingness and ability of buyers to purchase goods and services.
determinants of demand (How many slices of pizza are buyers willing and able to purchase):
  1. price of pizza- the law of demand says that people purchase more of something when its price falls
  2. income
  3. tastes/preferences
  4. price of a compliment like beer
  5. price of a substitute like chicken wings
demand
amount people are willing and able to purchase at each possible price
quantity demanded
amount of the product people are willing and able to purchase at a specific price
A demand schedule is a list of the quantities demanded at different prices. When constructing a demand schedule, everything else that might affect demand is held constant. Consider the following demand schedule for pizza for person A:
PriceQuantity Demanded
($/slice)(number of slices)
$2.501
$2.002
$1.503
$1.004
$0.505
There is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded: when price rises the quantity demanded falls. This "law of demand" is due to consumers substituting purchases away from a good whose price has risen towards relatively less expensive goods.
Here is the demand schedule for person B:
PriceQuantity Demanded
($/slice)(number of slices)
$2.503
$2.004
$1.505
$1.006
$0.507
The market demand schedule is found by adding up the quantity demanded over all buyers, assume just A and B, at each price.
PriceQuantity Demanded
($/slice)(number of slices)
$2.501 + 3 = 4
$2.002 + 4 = 6
$1.503 + 5 = 8
$1.004 + 6 = 10
$0.505 + 7 = 12
A demand curve is a graph of the demand schedule.demand curve
A change in the price of a good causes a movement along the demand curve. If the price of pizza falls from $2.00 to $0.50, the market moves from point A down the demand curve to point B. The quantity demanded rises from 6 to 12 slices of pizza. The change in the price of pizza has no effect on the demand for pizza. Demand is repesented by the entire demand curve. A change in the price of pizza does not cause any change in the demand curve.
demand curve

Supply



Supply is willingness and ability of firm to offer goods for sale in a market. A supply schedule is a list of the amounts firm are willing to offer for sale at each of the possible prices.
Suppose this is Seller A's supply schedule:
PriceQuantity Supplied
($/slice)(number of slices)
$2.504
$2.003
$1.502
$1.001
$0.500
Businesses are in business to make profits. When the price of a good rises it becomes more profitable to produce that good. So, firms will devote more resources to the production of a good whose price has risen. There is a direct, positive relationship between price and quantity supplied.
Here is Seller B's supply schedule:
PriceQuantity Supplied
($/slice)(number of slices)
$2.5010
$2.008
$1.506
$1.004
$0.502
Assume that there are only two sellers in the market, A and B. The market supply schedule is found by adding up at each price by adding up the quantity supplied by each seller.
PriceQuantity Supplied
($/slice)(number of slices)
$2.504 + 10 = 14
$2.003 + 8 = 11
$1.502 + 6 = 8
$1.001 + 4 = 5
$0.500 + 2 = 2
A supply curve is a graph of the supply schedule. A supply curve is upward sloping.supply curve

Saturday 23 November 2013

Adam Smith And Classical Economy

Q1: Who is Adim Smith And What You Know About it
Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy Scotland in 1723. When he was 17 years old he went to Oxford and in 1951 he became a professor of Logic at Glasgow. The next year he took the Chair of Moral Philosophy. It 1776 he published his masterpiece: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.

Admin Smith And His Work

Adam Smith is often described as the "founding father of economics". A great deal of what is now considered standard theory about the theory about markets was developed by Adam Smith. Two books, Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations are of great importance.

Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations - His Book

Wealth of Nations is considered to be and is arguably the most important book on the subject ever published. Without a doubt, it is the most seminal text in the field of free-market capitalism.
Q2: What is Classical Economy?
Classical economics is widely regarded as the first modern school of economic thought. Its major developers include Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus and John Stuart Mill
Classical economics is widely regarded as the first modern school of economic thought. Its major developers include Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus and John Stuart Mill.

کلاسیکی معاشیات کو وسیع پیمانے پر پہلا جدید سکول معاشی فکر کے طور پر سمجھا جاتا ہے ۔ اس بڑے ڈویلپرز میں آدم سمتھ، جین باپسٹی کہتے ہیں کہ، ڈیوڈ ریکارڈو، تھامس مالتھس اور سٹوارٹ شامل ہیں ۔

What You Know More About it.?

Economics usually labels those thinkers classical (or neoclassical) economists. These included Alfred Marshall, William Stanley Jevons, Arthur Cecil Pigou, John Bates Clark, Irving Fisher, and Knut Wicksell. The Classical economists believed in free market efficiency given a series of assumptions known as the First Welfare Theorem. The conditions of this theorem are that there is perfect information in the market, zero transaction costs, a large number of buyers and sellers, no externalities, and all transactions of voluntary. According to the classical school of thought, free markets functioned better than regulated markets as long as the conditions of the First Welfare Theorem held.
The classical economists did not differentiate between macroeconomic and microeconomic theory. They used their understanding of (micro)economic theory to analyze both micro and macroeconomic phenomena. Classical economists conceived of the macroeconomy as no more than aggregated(مجموعی ) microeconomics.

Friday 22 November 2013

     Topic Of Day      


Topics Of this Day Are Following.

Sociology.  


  1. waht isMaster Satus?
  2. describe about Role Allocation.
  3. what is Role Conflict?

Statistics.  


  1. what is pie chart?
  2. Q30, Q31, Q32 solved.
  3. solve also related questions.
  4. created pie chart and component bar chart.


what is Master Status, Role Allocation, Role Conflict?

What is Master Status In Sociology ?


 Answer. 

A master status is the most important positions people occupy in a social position. In sociology, It is an identity that overshadows all other status of the individual. Its a primary identification of an individual

You can say as...

The master status of an individual is one which, in most or all social situations, will overpower or dominate all other statuses.
Exemple.
 master status. is the way others view you; or how you are known in your social word.



What is meant by Role Allocation In Sociology ?


Role Allocation was created by Parsons, and built on by Davis and Moore (all functionalist thinkers. It is the process in education by which students are judged on aptitude and ability and siggested suitable career/work roles, making sure the highest jobs (e.g. surgeons, pilots) are undertaken by the most talented people.


What is meant by Role Conflict In Sociology ?




Role conflict occurs when people are confronted with incompatible role expectations in the various social statuses they occupy. Role conflict can take several different forms. When the roles are associated with two different statuses, the result is known as status strain. When the conflicting roles are both associated with the same status, the result is known as role strain. Conflict may also occur when people disagree about what the expectations are for a particular role or when someone simply has difficulty satisfying expectations because their duties are unclear, too difficult, or disagreeable.
Examples:
A parent may feel conflicting obligations to employers who demand full devotion to the job and children who need to be cared for when they are sick (status strain).



Thursday 21 November 2013

What is ROM? And its Kinds.!

ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It is type of internal memory. The data and instructions in ROM are stored by the manufacturer at the time of its manufacturing. This data and programs cannot be changed or deleted after wards. The data or instructions stored in ROM can only be read but new data or instructions cannot be written into it. This is the reason why it is called Read Only Memory.

ROM stores data and instructions permanently. When the power is turned off, the instructions stored in ROM are not lost. That is the reason ROM is called non-volatile memory.

ROM is used to store frequently used instructions and data to control the basic input & output operations of the computer. Mostly, frequently used small programs like operating system routines and data, are stored into the ROM. When the computer is switched on, instructions in the ROM are automatically activated. These instructions help the booting process of computer.

Pmod SPmod Serial Flash ROM 16 Mbit e




rial Flash ROM 16 Mbit 

Types of ROM
ROM is divided into following types:
  1. PROM
  2. EPROM
  3. EEPROM
1- PROM
    PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. This form of ROM is initially blank. The user or manufacturer can write data/program on it by using special devices. However, once the program or data is written in PROM chip, it cannot be changed. If there is an error in writing instructions or data in PROM, the error cannot be erased. PROM chip becomes unusable.

2- EPROM
    EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. This form of ROM is also initially blank. The user or manufacturer can write program or data on it by using special devices. Unlike PROM, the data written in EPROM chip can be erased by using special devices and ultraviolet rays. So program or data written in EPROM chip can be changed and new data can also be added. When EPROM is in use, its contents can only be read.

3- EEPROM
    EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. This kind of ROM can be written or changed with the help of electrical devices. So data stored in this type of ROM chip can be easily modified.

What is RAM and its types ?

Definition and Types of RAM






Definition of RAM

Def NO.1

RAM (pronounced ramm) is an acronym for random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such asprinters.


Def NO.2   I am sure this is best definition


Understanding RAM - RAM (Random Access Memory) is a computer hardware responsible for storing data. RAM is temporary means that stored data can be erased. Unlike the case with the ROM, ROM has duties similar to RAM but the ROM is permanent in the sense that the stored data we can not remove. RAM is a type of memory whose contents can change-change for computers that have the nature of life and can remember data or programs on condition that the electric current and can store and retrieve data very quickly.


Types of RAM

There are two different types of RAM:
The two types of RAM differ in the technology they use to hold data, with DRAM being the more common type. In terms of speed, SRAM is faster. DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second while SRAM does not need to be refreshed, which is what makes it faster than DRAM.
DRAM supports access times of about 60 nanoseconds, SRAM can give access times as low as 10 nanoseconds. Despite SRAM being faster, it's not as commonly used as DRAM because it's so much more expensive. Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off.

RAM, Main Memory and ROM Explained

In common usage, the term RAM is synonymous with main memory, the memory available to programs. For example, a computer with 8MB RAM has approximately 8 million bytes of memory that programs can use. In contrast,ROM (read-only memory) refers to special memory used to store programs that boot the computer and perform diagnostics. Most personal computers have a small amount of ROM (a few thousand bytes). In fact, both types of memory (ROM and RAM) allow random access. To be precise, therefore, RAM should be referred to as read/write RAM and ROM as read-only RAM.





How To Create A Statistical Graph

Create a Statistical Graph

To create a statistical graph:

  1. Select the data table on which you want to base the graph. A graph can be based on either link or node data. Alternatively, if you already have a graph open, you can select that graph and base the new graph on the selected graph.
  2. From the Graphs menu, select the type of graph that you want to create.
  3. Select the data variables to be used to create the graph. The information that you provide varies with the type of graph, as described in the following table:
    Bar chart
    Select the category variable (X axis) from the Category list box. Only character data type variables are available. The default selection is the first variable in the data table.
    Select the measure variable (Y axis) from the Response list box. Only numeric data type variables are available. If you choose the default selection <Frequency>, then the application displays a frequency chart for the Category variable.
    (Optional) If you want the bar chart to have an additional subgroup category, then select the variable from the Subgroup list box. Numeric and character data type variables are available. The default selection is <None>.
    Box plot
    Select the category variable (X axis) from the Category list box. Only character data type variables are available. The default selection is the first variable in the data table.
    Select the measure variable (Y axis) from the Response list box. Only numeric data type variables are available.
    Histogram
    Select the X variable for the histogram from the X Variable list box. Only numeric data type variables are available. The default selection is the first numeric variable in the data table.
    Select the Y variable for the histogram from the Y Variable list box. Only numeric data type variables are available. If you choose the default selection <Frequency>, then the application displays a frequency histogram for the X variable.
    Pie chart
    Select the category variable from the Category list box. Numeric and character data type variables are available. The default selection is the first variable in the data table.
    Scatter plot
    Select the X variable for the plot from the X Variable list box. Only numeric data type variables are available. The default selection is the first numeric variable in the data table.
    Select the Y variable for the plot from the Y Variable list box. Only numeric data type variables are available.
    (Optional) Select the Z variable for the plot from the Z Variable list box. Only numeric data type variables are available. The default selection is <None>.

Types of Statistical Graphs

Types of Statistical Graphs

Bar Charts

A bar chart consists of a grid and some vertical or horizontal columns (bars). Each column represents quantitative data.

Box Plots

A box plot displays summary statistics for the distribution of values for a variable. The outer bounds of the box represent the first and third quartiles. The line inside the box represents the median. The markers outside the box, referred to as outliers, represent data points that are outside of the 25th and 75th percentiles.

Histograms

A histogram is a bar chart that displays the observed frequencies of data that have been binned (divided into contiguous, equally spaced intervals). The heights of the bars indicate the relative frequency of observations in each bin. Histograms can also show binned response data if you choose a response variable other than Frequency.

Pie Charts

A pie chart is a circular chart that is divided into slices by radial lines. Each slice represents the relative contribution of each part to the whole.


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Wednesday 20 November 2013

Definition of 'Equilibrium'

Definition of 'Equilibrium'

The state in which market supply and demand balance each other and, as a result, prices become stable. Generally, when there is too much supply for goods or services, the price goes down, which results in higher demand. The balancing effect of supply and demand results in a state of equilibrium.



Equilibriam


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Law Of Demand And Supply

Law Of Demand And Supply

What is Supply And Demand?

Supply and demand is perhaps one of the most fundamental concepts of economics and it is the backbone of a market economy. Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing to buy at a certain price; the relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demand relationship. Supply represents how much the market can offer. The quantity supplied refers to the amount of a certain good producers are willing to supply when receiving a certain price. The correlation between price and how much of a good or service is supplied to the market is known as the supply relationship. Price, therefore, is a reflection of supply and demand.



The Law of Demand?

The law of demand states that, if all other factors remain equal, the higher the price of a good, the less people will demand that good. In other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded. The amount of a good that buyers purchase at a higher price is less because as the price of a good goes up, so does the opportunity cost of buying that good. As a result, people will naturally avoid buying a product that will force them to forgo the consumption of something else they value more. The chart below shows that the curve is a downward slope.


A, B and C are points on the demand curve. Each point on the curve reflects a direct correlation between quantity demanded (Q) and price (P). So, at point A, the quantity demanded will be Q1 and the price will be P1, and so on. The demand relationship curve illustrates the negative relationship between price and quantity demanded. The higher the price of a good the lower the quantity demanded (A), and the lower the price, the more the good will be in demand (C).

The Law of Supply ?

Like the law of demand, the law of supply demonstrates the quantities that will be sold at a certain price. But unlike the law of demand, the supply relationship shows an upward slope. This means that the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied. Producers supply more at a higher price because selling a higher quantity at a higher price increases revenue.


Time and Supply

Unlike the demand relationship, however, the supply relationship is a factor of time. Time is important to supply because suppliers must, but cannot always, react quickly to a change in demand or price. So it is important to try and determine whether a price change that is caused by demand will be temporary or permanent.

Let's say there's a sudden increase in the demand and price for umbrellas in an unexpected rainy season; suppliers may simply adjust demand by using their production equipment more intensively. If, however, there is a climate change, and the population will need umbrellas year-round, the change in demand and price will be expected to be long term; suppliers will have to change their equipment and production facilities in order to meet the long-term levels of demand.

Supply and Demand Relationship

Now that we know the laws of supply and demand, let's turn to an example to show how supply and demand affect price.

Imagine that a special edition CD of your favorite band is released for $20. Because the record company's previous analysis showed that consumers will not demand CDs at a price higher than $20, only ten CDs were released because the opportunity cost is too high for suppliers to produce more. If, however, the ten CDs are demanded by 20 people, the price will subsequently rise because, according to the demand relationship, as demand increases, so does the price. Consequently, the rise in price should prompt more CDs to be supplied as the supply relationship shows that the higher the price, the higher the quantity supplied.

If, however, there are 30 CDs produced and demand is still at 20, the price will not be pushed up because the supply more than accommodates demand. In fact after the 20 consumers have been satisfied with their CD purchases, the price of the leftover CDs may drop as CD producers attempt to sell the remaining ten CDs. The lower price will then make the CD more available to people who had previously decided that the opportunity cost of buying the CD at $20 was too high.

Equilibrium with Supply and Demand

When supply and demand are equal (i.e. when the supply function and demand function intersect) the economy is said to be at equilibrium. At this point, the allocation of goods is at its most efficient because the amount of goods being supplied is exactly the same as the amount of goods being demanded. Thus, everyone (individuals, firms, or countries) is satisfied with the current economic condition. At the given price, suppliers are selling all the goods that they have produced and consumers are getting all the goods that they are demanding.

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